In this research, the economic and technical method of Power plant wastewater treatment and removal of heavy metal (specially in Sahand wastewater) has been studied. The result indicate quality and quantity of that wastewater in Power plant depend on the type of fuel, combustion units capacity, their operation and material used in this structure. Common point in wastewater is that any of them is not permanent and all of them are periodic. In this research ,PH changes and flocculation and coagulation are being used to study the removing of heavy metals. Therefore, with similar artificial wastewater characteristics for preheating air and chemical washing boiler wastewater of Sahand Power plant wastewater prepared. It should be mentioned that there are heavy metals only, in preheating air and chemical acidic washing boiler wastewater. Hence removal percent of heavy metal in mentioned wastewater and in the other wastewaters is studied to define the acidity neutralization. In poisoned air preheating wastewater and acidic washing boiler wastewater treatment, following the method of precipitation of heavy metals in basic PH, at first pH of two wastewaters is raised to 8,9,10 with addition of caustic soda. In this step removal percentage of heavy metals measured in atomic absorption method, illustrates in air preheating wastewater with PH =9 and in acidic washing boiler wastewater with PH =8 the most removal percentage of heavy metals obtained. In air preheating wastewater and with PH =9, removal percentage of Fe, V, Ni, Cu respectively is equal to 99.88%, 93.54%, 99.77%, 95.73% and in acidic washing boiler wastewater with PH =8 the removal quantity of Fe obtained 99.65%. Hence, in order to obtain more removal percentage of heavy metals and reaching to Iran environment standard, treatment was continued with flocculation and coagulation method by using Ferric chloride, Ferric sulfate and Alum in 4 concentrations 25, 50, 75, 100. In air preheating wastewater, after atomic absorption test on these samples and evaluation of results, it was obvious that the most removal percentage was obtained by adding of alum with concentration of 25 mg/lit. In this condition the removal percentage of Fe, V, Ni, Cu respectively is equal to 99.98%, 99.99%, 99.97%, and 99.89%. In acidic washing boiler wastewater the most removal percentage was obtained by adding Alum with concentration of 50 mg/lit. In this condition the removal percentage of Fe was equal to 99.98 Acidic amount in basic wastewater treatment was measured and for neutralization step, sulfuric acid was added to wastewater. In preparation boiler surface wastewater, aeration method was being used in order to removal Ammonia. Ammonia quantity in Wastewater can be recognized from its order. But after aeration in 0.5 hour, the quantity is decreased and the odor is no more recognizable. After finishing aeration for neutralization step, sulfuric acid was added to wastewater.

The recent state of electrical system comprises the conventional generating units along with the sources of renewable energy. The suggested article recommends a method for the solution of single and multi-objective optimal Power flow, incorporating wind energy with traditional coal-based generating stations. In this article, the two Thermal Power Plants are replaced with the wind Power Plants. The techno-economic analysis are done with this state of electrical system. In proposed work, Weibull probability distribution functions is used for calculating wind Power output. A non-dominated sorting based multi-objective moth flame optimization technique is used for the optimization issue. The fuzzy decision-making approach is applied for extracting the best compromise solution. The results are authenticated though modified IEEE-30 bus test system, which is combined with wind and Thermal generating Plants.

Recently, renewable Power Plants utilize clean and sustainable resources for electricity generation. The Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system uses ocean surface water as a high-temperature source and the water at a depth of the ocean as a low-temperature source. The difference between these temperatures is 20, C or greater, and the working fluid with a low boiling point can be used for electricity generation. In a closed-cycle OTEC system, the working fluid through a thermodynamic cycle based on the Rankine cycle can rotate the turbine and generate electricity. Due to the ocean surface temperature variation, the output Power of the OTEC system changes and yields numerous states concerning the generated Power of this plant. Thus, for integrating the OTEC systems with the Power system, many aspects of Power system including reliability may be affected and thus, new approaches must be developed for investigation of these effects. In this paper, the reliability of the Power system containing the OTEC system based on the multi-state reliability model and the conditional value at risk concept is evaluated and the valuable indices used for generation expansion planning of the Power system are calculated.

Electricity generation in Thermal Power Plants as the largest producer of electricity in Iran is associated with greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, using the Malmquist-Luenberger method, green productivity, and efficiency changes are measured for 31 Thermal Power Plants (including 12 steam Power Plants, 13 gas Power Plants, and six combined cycle Power Plants) during 2009-2016. The results show a slight increase in green productivity in gas Power Plants and a slight reduction in green productivity in combined cycle Power Plants. Also, green productivity in steam Power Plants has not changed approximately. The mean values of the Malmquist-Luenberger index for these three types of Power Plants are 1. 007, 0. 997, and 1. 0005, respectively. Although the environmental performance of gas Power Plants is slightly better than the two other types of Power Plants, but the difference of mean values of the Malmquist-Luenberger index for the three types of Power Plants is small. Furthermore, if we compare the Power Plants individually, we get different results, the highest and lowest mean values of the Malmquist-Luenberger index (1. 06 and 0. 982) is for a steam Power plant (Shahid Mofateh) and a gas Power plant (Konarak) respectively. Therefore, the Power generation method and type of Power plant (gas, steam and combined cycle) have no significant effect on the environmental performance of Power Plants and the environmental performance of them can be affected by other factors. The type of fuel consumed by Power Plants is one of the most critical factors affecting the green productivity of Power Plants. Over the past two decades, many countries have replaced natural gas with coal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Hence the abundance of natural gas resources in the country is one of the advantages of Thermal Power generation taking into account environmental considerations. Another point is that Iran has planned to convert the significant number of gas Plants to combined cycle Power Plants. The research findings support this policy because the results show that combined cycle Power Plants are more efficient than gas Power Plants.

Introduction: Safety culture is a term, which is used repeatedly in the assessment of safety status of companies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the parameters and factors influencing organizational safety culture in the Iranian Thermal Power Plants industry.Methods: The triangulation approach was used for data generation in this grounded theory study. Nineteen participants from a variety of work groups at three Thermal Power Plants of Iran (Shazand, Shahid rajaei Ghazvin, and ramin Ahwaz) took part in focus group interviews, individual interviews, field observations, and focus group discussions.Thematic analysis was conducted to emerge and identify contributing factors.Results: The thematic analysis identified 9 sets of parameters for achieving safety culture as follows: (1) training, briefing and competency, (2) vision, leadership and commitment, (3) laws, rules and work procedures, (4) safety and crisis management, (5) individual agents, (6) Management style and organizational communication, (7) participation and commitment of personnel, supervisors and middle managements, (8) non-organizational agents, and (9) to make available foundations and source managements.Conclusions: The results indicated that an improvement in each parameter is necessary to achieve top safety culture. Moreover, proportionate to the conditions of each company, measures should be taken for the imporovement of actions of safety status and to accomplish pre-determined targets.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the aluminum sulfate coagulation in treating the wastewater from Thermal Power Plants to efficiently remove pollutants. Key operational parameters—the pH of the wastewater (5 to 9), dosage of coagulant (10 to 40 mg/L), and mixing time (10 to 30 minutes)—were systematically investigated for their impact on the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solids (TDS). The coagulation mechanism involves the hydrolysis of aluminum sulfate, generating charged species that neutralize particle charges, followed by adsorption, bridging, and floc formation, which together promote the aggregation and sedimentation of pollutants. Utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM) with the Design Expert software, the process was optimized, revealing that a pH near 7.4, dosage of approximately 40 mg/L of the coagulant, and mixing time of around 22 minutes maximize the treatment efficiency. Under these conditions, the removal of COD and TDS reached 71.1% and 97.3% respectively, demonstrating the potential of this approach for the sustainable and cost-effective wastewater treatment in Thermal Power plant operations.

Power Plants are one of the most energy intensive industries in our country. This paper reviews the most common methods for reduction of energy consumption and increasing of efficiency in Power Plants. For steam Power Plants, several methods have been presented to recover waste heat and water in water blowdown and for heat integration with solar energy. For gas and combined cycle Power Plants, change in conditions of inlet air to gas turbine, use of solar energy and steam injection system have been investigated. Also, the proposed procedures for steam Power Plants have been applied in Shazand Power plant. The results showed that the efficiency increased compared to the base case.

In this study, the technical and environmental efficiency of 16 selected Thermal Power Plants of Iran during 2011-2015 were evaluated using Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) approach. The inputs of this model include labor, installed capacity and fuel consumption, and its outputs are electricity generation, CO2 and SO2 emissions. The results show that the average technical efficiency of the sample Power Plants range from 84.7% to 88.4%. The environmental efficiency of Power Plants was between 85.7% and 90.1 %. Environmental productivity of Power Plants based on Malmquist Index has fluctuated during the past 5 years and has finally increased.To increase the efficiency of Power Plants, it is recommended that the scale of Power Plants to be increased, gas turbine and combined cycle Power Plants to get higher shares, natural gas to be the dominant primary energy used as fuel, and the Power plant technologies to be modernized and standardized.

Making targeted subsidies and the process of releasing energy market and specified criteria for quality of delivered energy to consumers shows the necessity in explanation of producing energy in Iran. In the meantime, Thermal Power Plants produce about 85% of electricity generation in Iran. Steam and gas turbine Power Plants have created the vast capacity of Thermal Plants Power generation but the significant portion of this generated Power is not in the sense of new energy policy. Therefore the reconstructing and improvement of Thermal Power Plants has undeniable importance. In this paper, considering two major methods in reconstructing of the Thermal Power Plants, eligible Power Plants have been presented. Results are being discussed according to the important economic parameters like electricity generation costs, capital return rate, cost benefit, annual interest and etc. In the meantime, estimation of changes in target Plants in terms of technical and economical characteristics will have an effective role in our decisions it means the changes have been effected by considering features of current Plants and their potentials. The efficacy of reconstructing on average efficiency, capacity and electricity generation cost can be effective parameters in future management decisions.

Background: Energy, especially electricity, is one of the most important infrastructures of modern life. Electricity generation is a necessary and inevitable activity. However, it is associated with environmental impacts. Among different types of Power Plants, Thermal Power Plants have significant environmental impacts due to the use of fossil fuels. Methods: Among Thermal Power Plants, combined cycle Power Plants, which are the dominant method of generating electricity in Iran, have lesser environmental impact. So far, different methods have been used to study and evaluate the environmental impact of combined-cycle Power Plants. However, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method is an appropriate, complete, and new way to quantify the impacts. This method can quantify and assess the impacts in different categories, including health impacts (impacts on human health). This method is based on the ISO 14040 standard. According to the object (health impacts), three methods have been selected to characterize and assess the impacts, including Impact 2002, EPS, EDIP, and for this purpose, SimaPro software has been applied. Findings: Among the characterization methods, only the EDIP method has a normalization coefficient and provides the possibility of comparing the classes of effects. Based on the EDIP method, the normalized quantity of air pollution toxicity, water pollution toxicity, and soil pollution toxicity are equal to 3-E8/3, 3-E8-27, and 6-E9-24, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained for the combined cycle Power plant studied in this search (Shahid Rajaei Power plant), the most health impacts are caused by air pollutants, after that, soil pollutants, which are mainly due to the entry of treated effluent of the Power plant, have the largest share in health impacts, and finally water pollutants are the next priority in creating health impacts. The identified health impacts of the Shahid Rajaei combined cycle Power plant include respiratory problems, lost years of life, malnutrition and reduced work capacity, exacerbation of angina pectoris, and exacerbation of asthma.